QUESTION: Salarjung Reforms . www.osmanian.com
Answer:Salarjung
Reforms
On
31 May 1853, Asafjah IV Nasir ud daula appointed Mir Turab Ali Khan as the
prime minister of Hyderabad state. He also honoured him with the title Salar
Jung. Salarjung introducted many socio, economic, judicial and administrative
reforms for the development of Hyderabad State.
Mir
Turab Ali Khan Salarjung continued as prime minister till his death in the year
1883. He served as the prime minister during the reign of Nasir ud duala (1829-57),
Afzal ud daula (1857-69), and Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan (1869-1911).
Among
all the prime minister of Asafjahi period, Mir Turab Ali Khan Salar Jung was
the most efficient.
Administrative Reforms
For
administrative convenience, before Salarjung, Nizam kingdom was divided into
Subas. Subas were divided into Sarkars, Sarkars into taluks.
Subadar
– Head of Suba.
Talukdar
– Head of Taluk.
Talukdar
was entrusted with the work of tax collection. They were not given any salary.
They were given a percentage in the collected revenue. Some people bribed
(Nazaraanaa) the officials of Nizam period to assume the post of Talukdar. The
Talukdars used to live in Hyderabad city and appointed Naib Talukdars for the
collection of revenue. As this system was defective, Charles Metcalf, the
British Resident in Hyderabad state, appointed overseers on Talukdars. When
Metcalf left Hyderabad, Salarjung appointed Amans in the place of overseers.
1865 Zilabandi system was
started. Under this 14 districts were
formed. Few more districts were added after 1880.
|
1.
Aurangabad 2.
Parbani 3.
Nanded 4.
Indur 5.
Bhir 6.
Bidar 7.
Medak 8.
Elagandula (Kareemnagar) |
9.
Warangal 10.
Nalgonda 11.
Naldurg 12.
Sholapur 13.
East Raichur 14.
West Raichur |
After
1880 15.
Nagarkarnool 16.
Gulbarga 17.
Lingasagar 18.
Sirpur Tandur 19.
Altaf 20.
Balda |
Districts were divided into 74 Taluks. After 1880 total
107 Taluks.
In
1855, Salarjun appointed Talukdars.
In
1865, Salarjung introduced Zillabandi
system and divided the state into 14 districts. Later few more districts were
formed. Aval Talukdars were appointed to look after the administration of each
district, Income and expenditure, collection of revenue, import and export
duties / taxation, solving civil and criminal disputes. Aval Talukdars were equal to collectors of
British India. Deputy Collectors were called Duval Talukadars. They
were appointed to help the Aval Talukdars. Soayam
Talukdars were third rung Talukdars
who were appointed to help Duval Talukdars. Soyam Talukdars were equal to
Tahasildars of British India.
Appointment of Salaried Staff:Salarjung started
his reforms with
the gradual replacement
of the then
talukdars with regular salaried talukdars. As it was not possible to
dismiss all the talukdars at one stroke, they were replaced gradually as the
term of their respective contracts came
to an end. Technically, both the talukdars as well as their subordinates like
the tahsildars under him received their
appointments directly from
the Government, to
whom they were directly
responsible forefficient management
and good
behavior.17Appointment to the posts
at the lower
levels were given
by the heads
of the respective
establishments. For middle level
posts like the
Tahsildars, the district
anddivisional level officers
were vested with the
powers of appointment
and promotion, subject
to the approval
or confirmation by the
Board of Revenue
and the Government.
The appointments to the
posts of Second and Third Talukdars were in the hands of the Board of revenue
but were subject to the approval of the government. However, the Government
retained the power to appoint the
first talukdars, though
it was claimed
that merit was
the basis for recruitment of
all posts. In
the first place,
the powers and
functions of the
officers were defined so
that they were
prevented from using
their unfettered discretion
in the assessment and collection
of land revenue. Secondly, the talukdars
were prevented from sub-leasing
their taluks or
appointing their personal
agents. Thirdly, the
subordinate
111officials were
made directly responsible
to the government
itself, thus reducing
their chances of exploiting ryots. Lastly, the burden on the ryots was
greatly reduced.
All the districts in
Hyderabad were divided into 5 regions. Kasadat
Talukdars were entrusted with the
administration of each region. Kasadat
Talukdar was equal to Revenue Commissioner of British India.
. www.osmanian.com
Land Revenue – Land Revenue
was the primary source of income. Excise and Commercial taxes occupied the
second and third place. Feaudatory kings and Zamindars paid Peshkush / Tribute
to Nizam.
Rytwari system was in force
throughout Nizam state. Zamindari samsthans
like Munagala, Amarchintah, Gadwal were there in the kingdoms.
Patel –
Heriditary head of village.
Fauzdari Patel – Police
duties.
Patwari / Pandey –
Accountant in a village.
Deshmukh / Deshpandey – A
circle was a group of some villages. Deshmukh / Deshpandeys were heads of such
circles.
Judicial System
Salarjung reformed Judicial
System of Hyderabad to accord proper justice to all the people. Mazlis – e – Marafa – Supreme Court.
Mahkai – e – Marafa – Hight court in Hyderabad.
Buzung
Diwani Adalat, Kurda Diwani Adalat – Two Civil Courts in
Hyderabad.
Faudari Adalat – Criminal Court in Hyderabad.
Munsif
and Mir Adil – District level judges.
Police System
There were no proper police
system in Hyderabad before 1885. Kotwal was the traditional police
commissioner. Gradually Revenue officers started looking after police duties.
At village level also hereditary village watchmen were there.
Mahkam – e – Kotwali was
the police department founded by Salarjung.
Nizamat – Police force.
Mahatamin – Police
Superintendent.
Amin – Inspector . www.osmanian.com
Chowki – Police station.
In 1867, Salarjung
separated Police and Revenue departments.
Other
Reforms
Salurjung banned Sati in
Hyderabad.
Numaish -
In 1856, Numaish was started. It is an industrial exhibition. Nampally
Industrial exhibition.
Postal Department – In 1862
– Telegraph line to Mumbai.
Salarjung called
intellectuals from other parts of India to Hyderabad. Many north India people
belonged to Kayasths, Muslim communities were appointed in important government
jobs. Sayyaid Ali Bilgrami, Sayyid Hussain Bilgrami, Mohib Hussain, Sayyid Mohammad Ali, Mohshin ul Mulk etc.,
helped Salarjung in administration. Over a period of time, Hyderabad was
dominated by non-locals, they occupied all the important positions in
Hyderabad. Later, it led to disputes among locals and non-locals, which is
popular as Mulki Movement.
During 1857 revolt, Salarjung helped British
Officer, Colonel Davidson. He arrested Turrebaz Khan and Moulvi Ahmadulla to
suppress 1857 revolt. Nizam Afzaluddaula was honored with the title ‘Star of
Inda’ for his co-operation in suppressing the 1857 revolt.
Due
to the efforts of Salarjung Nizam could get back the places Darashiv and
Raichur by 1860.
To get
back Birar, Salarjung went to England to discuss with the queen. Salarjung’s
these efforts irked Lord Curzon.The British officials who could not digest
this, appointed Wikar ul Umara as the Additional Viceroy to Mir Mahabub Ali
Khan. Queen waived 50,00,000 rupees debt of Nizam. . www.osmanian.com
On
8th February1883 Salarjung expired. After him the administration in
Hyderabad got disturbed. Mulki and Non-Mulki conflict took place.
Administration came to a standstill. Nizam appointed Mir Layak Ali Khan, son of
Salarjung, and Raja Narendra Bahadur as the co-administrators of Hyderabad.
Mir
Layak Ali Khan was a classmate of Nizam VI, Mir Mahaboob Ali Khan. In 1884, Mir Layak Ali became prime minister,
with the title Salarjung II.
Transport
Reforms
1863
Hyderabad – Sholapur grant trunk road was constructed.
Britishers’
Madras – Bomaby railway line passed through Gulbarga and Wadi.
1874
– Hyderabad – Wadi railway line work was started. It was completed by 1878.
With this transport was developed in Hyderabad.
Two
lessen the burden of administration Salarjung created a ministry named
Sadar-ul-Maham. Four ministers were there in the ministry. Police, Revenue and
Judicial departments were given to three ministers. Fourth minister was
entrusted with the departments of Education and Health. All these ministers
take instructions from Diwan = Primie Minister.
Education
Reforms
As he needed better officers for
administration, Salarjung established Dar ul Uloom schools in 1855. Urdu and
English education was given in these schools.
In
1869లొSalrjung was appointed as the co-viceroy to
Mir Mahabub Ali Khan. After this Salarjung established many schools for
teaching western education. In 1870 a High School was established in Hyderabad
and in 1872 another High School was established in Chader Ghat.
In
1870, Engineering School was established to create better engineers to work in
public works department.
In
1873 Madarsa e Alia was established for the children of royal family.
In
1878, Madarsa e Aija was established for the education of royal women.
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